1. 音节
以元音为主体构成的发音单位,一般说来元音发音响亮,可以构成音节,辅音发音不响亮,不能单独构成音节([m] [n] [ŋ ] [l]例外)。从单词拼写形式上看,有几个元音字母就有几个音节。
2. 音节的划分
① 在重读音节和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅音字母时,一个辅音字母组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。
例如:let-ter,mem-ber,chil-dren,daugh-ter
② 在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅音字母时,如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音则辅字组属于后面一个音节,如果重读音节里的元音是短音,则辅音字母属于重读音节。
例如:长音 pa-per,stu-dent,fa-ther,ze-ro,mo-tor,far-ther
短音 sev-en,stud-y,moth-er,ver-y,mod-le ,weath-er
3. 重读音节
单词中读音特别响亮的音节。用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号。单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号。
4. 开音节
① 绝对开音节:单个元音字母后面没有辅音字母的重读音节。
例如:no,blue,ba-by,stu-dent,se-cret
② 相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。
例如:name,these,bike,home,excuse
5. 闭音节
单个元音字母后面有辅音字母(r、w、y 除外)且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节。
例如:bag,egg,fish,not,cup
6. 双音节词重读规则
① 双音节词的第一个音节通常是重读音节。
例如: stu-dent,Chi-na,sec-ond,au-tumn
② 含有a- be- de- re- in- ex- 等前缀的双音节词往往是在第二个音节上重读。双音节词的重读位置不会因增加前缀或后缀而发生改变。
例如:a-bout,be-fore,ex-cuse,re-pair,for-get-ful,in-ven-tor
7. 多音节词重读规则
多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读。
例如: el-e-phant
词尾有-ic 或-tion,-sion 的词,在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读。
例如:scien-tific,im-pression,na-tion
1、元音字母在重读音节中的读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake
在闭音节中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back
e 在开音节中 [i:] he hese me Chinese
在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg
i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite
在闭音节中 [i] fish big drink sit milk swim
o 在开音节中 [əu] those close go hoe home no
在闭音节中 [ɔ] clock not box shop sock
u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday
在闭音节中 [ʌ ] bus cup jump much lunch
在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如:June blue ruler super
2、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a [ə] China another woman breakfast
[i] orange comrade village cabbage
e [ə] hundred student open weekend
[i] chicken pocket begin children
i [i] holiday beautiful family animal
[ai] exercise satellite
o [ə] second tonight somebody welcome
[əu] also zero photo
u [ə] autumn diffcult
[ju:] popular congratulation January
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate
u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如:July influence February issue
在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 既可以读作[ə]音可以读作[i]音。
3、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a在[w]音后面 [ɔ] want what watch wash quality
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast
i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high
o在-st -ld前 [əu] most postcard old cold
o在m n v th前 [ʌ] come monkey love mother
4、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
ar [α:] car farm dark sharpener
ar在[w]音后面 [ɔ:] warm quarter towards
or [ɔ:] forty morning short
or在[w]音后面 [ə:] word worker worse
er ir ur [ə:] certainly bird Thursday
辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如:carry sorry hurry
-r音节在非重读音节中通常读[ə]音,例如:dollar teacher forget Saturday
5、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
are [εə] care dare hare
ere [iə] here mere
ire [aiə] fire hire wire
ore [ɔ:] more score before
ure [juə] pure cure
are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[tʃə]音或[ʒə],例如:picture pleasure
重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音。
例如:parent zero story during inspiring
某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。
例如:orange very American paragraph
6、元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组 读 音 例 词
ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play
air [εə] air hair chair pair pair
al [ɔ:l] small ball talk wall all
al在f m前 [α:] half calm
au/aw [ɔ:] autumn daughter draw
ea [i:] teach easy cheap please
[e] heavy bread sweater weather
[ei] break great
ear [iə] hear dear near clear year
[εə] bear pear wear swear
[ə:] earth learn early
ee [i:] jeep week green three
eer [iə] pioneer deer beer
ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour t hey
[i:] either key
eu/ew在 [ju:] new few newspaper
j l r s后 [u:] flew brew jewelry
ie/ei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field receive
oa [əu] coat Joan boat goal
oar/oor [ɔ:] roar board door floor
oi/oy [ɔi] noise point boy toilet
oo [u:] broom food tooth school
[u] book ook cook foot good
ou/ow [au] flower house count down
[əu] know row throw though
[ʌ] young country enough
[u:] group you soup
7、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音
元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词
ai/ay ei/ey [i] Sunday foreign monkey
ow [əu] yellow sparrow tomorrow
sion -tion [ʃən] impression nation
-sion在元音字母后 [ʒən] vision decision occasion
-tion在s后 [tʃən] question suggestion
-sten [sn] listen
-stle [sl] whistle
-sure [ʒə] pleasure measure
-ture [tʃə] picture culture
8、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。
例如:
everyday[ei]
handbag[æ]
blackboard[ɔ:]
有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。
例如:
sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 > Sunday[i] 星期天
holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday[i] 假日
break中断 + fast[a:]斋戒 > breakfast[ə]早餐
cup茶杯 + board木板[ɔ:] > cupboard[ɔ:] 碗柜
9、辅字组的读音
辅字组 读 音 例 词
b [b] bike bus bag
[/] bomb tomb
c [k] cake picture coat music
c在e前或在i/y前 [s] face decide cinema
ch [tʃ] much chick rich teacher
[k] school eadache chemistry
[ʃ] machine Chicago
-ck [k] cock pocket black knock
d [d] doctor bread hand day
-dge [dʒ] bridge fridge
dr- [dr] children driver drink
f [f] five four breakfast
g [g] bag gardon go
g在e i/y前 [dʒ] orange large German
gh [f] cough enough photo
[/] light daughter high
gu- -gue [g] guess league dialogue
gu在非重读音节中 [gw] guess league dialogue
h [h] hot head house hand
[/] hour honest
j [dʒ] jeep jar joke join July
k [k] kind bike skate make week
kn- [n] knife know knock
l [l] life milk school tall
m [m] monkey come autumn
-mn [m] autumn column solemn
n [n] not shine ten note
n在[k] [g]音前 [ŋ] uncle thank hungry
-ng [n] morning young wrong
p [p] paper plane pig ship pen
ph [f] elephant photo telephone
q [k] Iraq
qu- [kw] quality quite
r [r] red rubber ruler
s在词首或清辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk
元音字母间或浊辅音前 [z] music husband
sc- [sk] scar
[s] muscle science
sh [ʃ] she fish shirt wash
t在通常情况下 [t] ten letter meet
在弱读字母ia ie io前 [ʃ] patient nation
tch [tʃ] watch
th在通常情况下 [θ] thin thirty method
在冠词 代词 介词 连词中 [ð] the these with than
在词尾-the -ther中 [ð] clothe father weather
tr- [tr] tree train country truck
v [v] very voice love leave
w [w] week win wake sweet wait
[/] answer two
wh- [w] what when white why
wh-在字母o前 [h] who whose whole
x [ks] box text exercise
在重读元音前 [gz] examle exist exact
wr- [r] write
y- [j] yes yard yellow young
z [z] puzzle zero zoo
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